England

Bro-Saoz

Northumberland

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Définition : Angleterre; comté de Northumberland.

Sur le territoire de cette commune, au lieu-dit Whitley Castle, se trouve (probablement) l'ancien camp romain d'Epiacum.

Extrait de la carte Ordnance Survey : Map of Roman Britain.

Histoire.

Sur le territoire des Brigantes; sur la route de Bravoniacum / Kirkby Thore à Magnis / Carvoran; production locale de plomb.

Étymologie :

A) Epiacum : 

* Rivet & Smith : Ptolémée, II,3,10 : Epiakon ( = EPIACUM), une polis ( = ville) des Brigantes; variantes : Epeiakon ( = EPEIACUM).

DERIVATION. This is the personal name whose Latin form is Eppius with -acu(m) suffix (see BRAVONIACUM), hence 'property of Eppius, estate of Eppius'. The name Eppius is Roman and is abundantly recorded in the Latin Onomasticon, with variants Epius and Aeppius, and a feminine Eppia; also with diverse suffixes, Eppianus, Eppilius, etc. But it was ultimately of Celtic origin, since it is based on Celtic *epo-s 'horse' (Welsh ep, eb, eb-, also in Cornish and Breton; Old Irish ech, Irish each, cognate with Latin equus). Many names based on this are recorded by Holder and in GPN 197-99; for an excellent survey of these names see also H. Birkhan, Germanen und Kelten. . . (Vienna, 1970), 391-416. In Britain the next four names in this List are formed from it, and the goddess (chiefly Gaulish) Epona is recorded in a dedication at Auchendavy (RIB 2177) and in a gramto Epon(ae) on a jar from Alcester (JRS, LVI (1966), 224). On the Continent places include Eporedia > Ivrea (Aosta, Italy) and Epomanduodurum > Mandeure (Doubs, France). There was another Ep(p)iacum > Epfig (Bas-Rhin, France : Holder I. 1444), and an Epiaca is recorded in the twelfth century in France (Vincent 182). All these are, of course, Latin versions of originally Celtic names, and the same must be true of British Epiacum, we should express this as originally British *Epiaco- 'place (or property) of *Epios'. A man Eppius M (. . . ) is recorded in a graffito in a quarry in Cumbria (RIB 1015), and he might have been a Roman or a Briton who latinised his Celtic name when writing it. An indication that these names were used in Britain before the Conquest is provided by Eppilius, son of Commius, who ruled at Calleva about A.D. 10 and whose name is on coins.

IDENTIFICATION. Probably theRoman fort at Whitley Castle, Kirkhaugh, Northumberland (NY 6948).

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Selon ces auteurs, le nom est basé sur la racine *epo-s = cheval, qui désigne ici probablement un nom de personne Eppius, nom que l'on retrouve en gaulois comme en latin. La signification serait : "la propriété d'Eppius, ou l'établissement d'Eppius". 

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B) Whitley Castle : 

- si l'on se réfère aux autres noms cités par Eilert Ekwall, et comportant un préfixe *Whit-, on est amené à penser qu'il s'agit de la désignation de la couleur blanche, en anglais moderne : white.

- Castle désigne de facto une fortification. 

Le sens serait donc : le camp blanc  ( ?!).

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C) Kirkhaugh : 

* Eilert Ekwall : Kyrkhalwe, 1254 Val; Kirkehalghe, 1279 Ass. " Haugh with a church". : une hauteur au sommet de laquelle il se trouve une église.

Sources : 

* Ordnance Survey : Map of Roman britain. Third Edition.

* Eilert EKWALL : The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names. Fourth.Edition. Clarendon Press. 1980.

* A.L.F RIVET & Colin SMITH : The Place-Names of Roman Britain. Batsford. 1979.

Envois de :

Liens électroniques des sites Internet traitant de Kirkhaugh / Epiacum :   

* lien communal : 

* forum du site Marikavel : Academia Celtica

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