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Peuple celtique de l' Ile de Bretagne; aujourd'hui en Angleterre, comtés de Yorkshire et Durham. 

Capitale avant la conquête romaine : Isurium / Aldborough; 

Ils possèdent aussi, selon Ptolémée : Calagum / Burrow-in-Lonsdale, Lancashire ?; Camulodunum; Cataractonium / Catterick; Eburacum; Epiacum, Olicana; Vinnovium, Rigodunum; 

La capitale de la cité à l'époque romaine est Eburacum / York.

Extrait de la carte Ordnance Survey : Map of Roman Britain

* Rivet & Smith : Place-Names of roman Britain, pages 278, 279, et 280

SOURCES

- Sénèque, Apocoloquintose, XII, 3 : BRIGANTES

- Juvénal, Satyres, XIV-196 : BRIGANTUM; 

- Tacite, Agricola, 17-2 et 31-5 : Annales, XII-32 et XII-36,40; Histoires, III-45 : BRIGANTES;

- Ptolémée, II, 3,10 : Brigantes ( = BRIGANTES); 

- Itinéraire d'Antonin, 476₁ (Ite V) : ISUBRIGANTUM; 

- Stéphane de Byzance : Brigantas ( = BRIGANTAS).

The tribal name is amply represented in adjectival and other forms. CIL VII. 1207 records two lead pigs from Hayshaw Moor (Yorks.), stamped BRIG and dated to A.D. 81 by a mention of Domitian; this is interpreted as an adjective Brig(antitum), agreeing with an unexpressed metallum. A building-stone from the Wall, presumably of A.D. 369, now lost, has been read in part CIVITAT BRICIC, for which Stevens conjectured the expansion Civitat(is) Brig(ant)ic(ae); see RIB 2022 and notes. Seven altars dedicated to the goddess Brigantia are known, e.g. RIB 630 (Adel, Yorks.); in some she is Victoria Brigantia, e.g. RIB 628 (Castleford, Yorks.), RIB 2091, a statuette of the goddess showing attributes which equate her with Minerva Victrix, has the same dedication to Brigantia ; it was found at Birrens (Dumfries) and indicates the northward extension of the territory of this people. There was also a male deity : RIB 623 (Slack, Yorks.) is an altar to Deo Breganti. *Brigantia was also a river-name, assumed origin of the Brent of Middlesex and thc Braint of Anglesey; and a hill-name, assumed origin of various places called firent in Devon and Somerset (Ekwall). There is no direct evidence for *Brigantia as the name of the region occupied by the tribe, though it could well be assumed; it is not now possible (in view of Jackson LHEB Appendix) to hypothesise *Brigantia as the origin of the later régional name Bernicia, as was long taken to be the case.

DERIVATION. Jackson in Britannia, I (1970), 75, explains Brigantes as a masculine participial formation (British *Brigants in the singular) on the base *brig- 'high', the sense of their name being 'high ones, mighty ones'. From the feminine *Briganti the Romano-British name of the tribal goddess Brigantia was derived, as was the later Irish name Brighid. Welsh brenin 'king' is from the British derivative *brigantinos, although this special sense (in contrast to senses of derivatives in Cornish and Breton) seems to represent a dialectal development within a part of Brythonic : see theadmirable survey of forms and senses of Brigantes and related words by T. M. Charles-Edwards in Antiquitates Indogermanicae (Innsbruck, 1974), 35-45. The name Brigantia was widely used abroad for places, e.g. with direct derivation > Bragança (Portugal), and Brigantium > Bregenz (Austria), etc. There were also Brigantes in Ireland (Ptolemy II, 2, 6). In view of this very widespread group of names the people can hardly have been one, and one doubts whether in all parts they could have been 'high ones, mighty ones', perhaps 'over-lords'; a sense 'upland people' is more mundane but might be preferable. In his important paper mentioned above, Charles-Edwards argues convincingly for a sense 'freemen, free people', and for the same notion of 'free' as basic to other words and names in this group, without quite showing how this could be related to what we know of the root *brig- in other formations; see further BRIGA. 

IDENTIFICATION. A people of Britain, occupying what is now the northern part of England, with their capital at Isurium, Aldborough, Yorkshire. Ptolemy also attributes to them Epiacum, Vinnovium, Cataractonium, Calagum, Rigodunum, Olicana, Eburacum and Camulodunum (qq.v.) and remarks that they extended from sea to sea, while Tacitus (Agricola 17, 2) states that they were said to be the most numerous people of the whole province. For the reference to Brigantes by Pausanias see pp. 47 and 79.

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Nom dérivé de celui de la déesse Brigantia / Brigit, la Grande et Suprême Déesse celtique.

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Histoire :

Ce peuple était probablement le plus puissant du centre de l'Ile de Bretagne. 

Le territoire semble s'étendre d'une mer à l'autre, et de *** au sud, jusqu'à Birrens, au nord (cf. Rivet & Smith, p 279). 

Ptolémée leur attribue : Epiacum / Whitley Castle-Kirkhaugh, Vinnovium / Binchester, Cataractonium / Catterick, Calagum / Burrow-in-Lonsdale, Rigodunum / Castleshaw, Olicana / ( ?), Eburacum / York, Camulodunum / Slack.

Ses souverains sont d'abord restés neutres au début de la guerre menée par les Romains contre les peuples bretons du sud de l'Ile de Bretagne. L''attitude des Brigantes s'explique surtout par la concurrence et leur méfiance vis à vis des Catuvellauni. En 51, la reine des Brigantes, Cartimandua, fait capturer le chef breton Caratacos et le livre aux Romains. Mais les inconstances de la reine provoquent une scission dans le peuple, une partie de celui-ci étant favorable au roi Venutius, l'autre étant favorable à la reine Cartimandua et à son amant, Vellocatus. Finalement, la cité brigante tombe aux mains du général-gouverneur Petilius Cerialis, en 74; celui-ci fonde la forteresse d'Eburacum / York, et y installe la Legio IX Hispania.

Eburacum / York est érigée capitale / métropole de Britannia Secunda, sous ***, en ***. 

* Ordnance Survey : Map of Roman Britain. Southampton. 1956.

* A.L.F Rivet & Colin Smith : The Place-Names of Roman Britain. Batsford LMtd. London 1982 

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