England

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Gloucestershire

Gloucester

Glevum

Colonia Nervia Glevensis

Deuxième colonie romaine en (G)Bretagne romaine, fondée en 96-98

En langue galloise : Caer Loyw / Caer Loew.

Extrait de la carte Ordnance Survey : Map of Roman Britain.

- Ville de la tribu bretonne des Dobunni, sur la rive gauche de la Sabrina / Severn, dans la vallée.

- Nous ne connaissons rien de particulier de l'histoire de Glevum avant la conquête romaine.

- Les Dobunni sont écrasés par la Legio II Augusta, commandée par Vespasien, à Corinium, en 49-50. Cette légion s'y installe jusqu'en 57, date à laquelle elle est transférée à Isca Dumnoniorum / Exeter. C'est alors la Legio XX Valeria, jusqu'alors stationnée à Camulodunum / Colchester, qui s'installe à Glevum. 

- Après 66-67 est entreprise une nouvelle réorganisation de l'armée : 

- la Legio XX Valeria Victrix est transférée à Viroconium / Wroxeter, tandis que la Legio II Augusta quitte Isca Dumnoniorum pour revenir à Glevum, mais dans une nouvelle forteresse.

- Glevum constitue alors l'une des bases des attaques des Romains contre les tribus de l'actuel Pays de Galles, en particulier les Silures, voisins immédiats, et les Ordovices.

- En 96-98, sous l'augustat de Nerva, a ville est érigée en colonie, sous le nom de Colonia Nervia Glevensis. 

- La paix romaine étant établie dans l'Ile, la colonie suit alors le sort de la province Britannia Prima, dont la capitale est la ville voisine : Corinium / Cirencester.

- Comme cette dernière, et en même temps que Corinium / Cirencester,  Aquae Sulis / Bath, Glevum / Gloucester tombe aux mains des Saxons après le désastre militaire des Britto-romains à Deorham, en 577. 

- La population hétérogène qui s'installe dans le secteur est connue sous le nom de Hwiccas.

- Penda, le roi de Mercie, écrase et soumet les Hwiccas à son tour en 625.

* ALF Rivet & Colin Smith, P. 368 :

GLEVUM

SOURCES

Inscriptions :

- RIB 161 (= Burn, 1969, No. 83, p. 65), the plinth from a monumental tomb at Bach of a man who was DEC(URIO) COLONIAE GLEV(ENSIS) 

- CIL VI. 3346 (Rome), the tomb of a man who had been frumentarius of Legio VI at the (COLONIA) NER(VIA) or NER(VIANA) at GLEVI

- JRS, XIX, (1929), 216 = CIL XVI. 130 : the military diploma (found at Colchester) of a soldier of Cohors I fida Vardullorum, who is described as GLEVI 'of Gloucester'; A.D. 149-190. (A note in CIL says 'pro Glevi exspectas Glevo')

- EE IX. 1283, 1284 : tiles stamped R P G. i.e. Res Publica Glevensium or Rei Publicae Glevensium (see JRS, XLV (1955), 68-72)

---

- AI 485, (Iter XIII) : CLEVO

- Ravenna 106₂₉ (= R&C 62) : GLEBON COLONIA

- also possibly Ravenna 106₁₂ (= R&C 29) : CLAVINIO, var. CLAVIMO

(see also Ravenna's Coloneas 106₁₄ = R&C 33 under COLONIA-2)

The above sources present no problem. AI has initial C for G, a frequent error. See the entry for CLAVINIUM.

DERIVATION. Jackson in Britannia, I (1970), 70-71, indicates British *Gleuon, earlier *Glaiuon, to which Welsh gloyw or gloew 'bright' is related (Holder I. 2026 gives *gleivo- 'glänzend, klar'; Williams *glevo-). This is the generally accepted etymology; hence 'bright place, bright town'. Later forms support it : the city is Cair Gloui (better, Gloiu) in Nennius 49, in modem Welsh Caer Loyw or Loew (Jackson) ; Anglo-Saxon Gleawcaester > Gloucester. Jackson however raises two doubts : (I) 'It is doubtful whether Welsh gloyw, gloew "bright" really cornes from *glaiuo-, because of the Irish cognate' ; (2) 'A town name consisting of a basic adjective alone without any suffix, literally "bright", would be peculiar. This would leave the name unexplained.' The first difficulty perhaps depends upon some irregular phonetic development either within Welsh or Irish, which we no longer perceive. As for the second, it should be said that water-names are not infrequently formed in this way, e.g. British Leuca 'shining (one)', Sena 'old (one) ', and most relevant of all - if it is a place (and adjectival, which is not certain) - Glanum 'pure (one)'. Abroad, adjectival formations in late Latin or early Romance are common, for example in Spain Angosto, Prias, Panda, Salientes (ELH I. 513). Sometimes a noun no longer expressed has to be assumed, e.g. in Spain *(Capitias) Rubras > Rubias. Glevum is then unusual, but not unique. We can either assume an unexpressed noun, or possibly imagine a metaphorical extension of the basic sense 'bright' to 'noble, famous (place)'.

See also COLONIA-1 and COLONIA-2.

IDENTIFICATION. The Roman colonia (succeeding a legionary fortress) of Gloucester (SO 8318); the name Nervia or Nerviana reflects its foundation in the reign of Nerva (A.D. 96—98).

   *****

* ALF Rivet & Colin Smith :

CLAVINIUM. (?)

SOURCE

- Ravenna, 106₁₂ (= R&C 29) : CLAVINIO, var. CLAVIMO

DERIVATION. This name if taken literally (as it is by R&C) could have any of the roots mentioned for the previous name; or it could perhaps be analysed Clavinium, with a second element as in Magiovinium, where it is unexplained. However, the form is most probably corrupt. Dillemann (p. 66) thinks it a conflation of parts of two other names, and has a detailed argument in support of this. We think it more likely that Ravenna's form is simply a corruption of Glevum, misread from a map. It should be noted that there is a detached *Colonia floating in the Cosmographer's list at 106,12 (textually Coloneas), which is almost certainly an adjunct of the name of Gloucester, the only colonia in this region, so that the present Clavinio at 106,12 could well represent Glevum, the two parts of the name having been written separately (one above the other, perhaps; see p. 191) ; the full name, taken by the Cosmographer from a different map, figures as Glebon colonia at 106,29. For miscopyings involving -nio or -mo, see p. 203.

IDENTIFICATION. Probably a duplication of Glevum, q.v.

*****

* ALF Rivet & Colin Smith :

COLONIA (2)

SOURCE

- Ravenna 106₁₄ (= R&C 33) : COLONEAS

R&C take Ravenna's form as a true one, think it frorn a personal name Colonius, and locate it in Dorset. But it is simplest to regard the name as properly Colonia. Schnetz in a note thinks the -S could belong to the start of the following name, Aramis, or it could have arisen accidentally from a mark on the map being followed by the Cosmographer. In Vulgar Latin, -ea for -ia is a typical confusion (Appendix Probi 55 : 'vinea non vinia ' ; illeus for illius in RIB 7, palleum for pallium in RIB 323, etc.). In Ravenna the present entry represents a duplication, as so often, arising from the use of two map sources; this entry is probably to be paired with Clavinium for *Glevum (106,12), for which see CLAVINIUM. If however Colonia were used independently as a designation for Gloucester on a map, compare such usage for Colchester (COLONIA-1).

DERIVATION. See COLONIA-1. This colonia was in its full official form Colonia Nervia (or Nerviana) Glevensium, founded in A.D. 97.

IDENTIFICATION. The Roman colonia at Gloucester (SO 8318).

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* Eilert Ekwall : Old briton Glevum, Holder; Cair Gloui, c. 800 HB; Gleawecester 804 BCS 313; Glowecestre DB; -ceastre 1093 ASC(E); Gleo-, Glouchaestre 1205 Lay.

" Brit. Glevum belongs to OW Gloiu, Welsh gloew, gloyw (from glevo-) 'bright' and means 'bright, splendid place, ou the like. This was adopted at an early date in a form that gave OE Gleaw-, and later in a form that gave late OE Glowe-. 

To the original name was added OE ceaster : roman fort."

*****

Formes bretonnes anciennes : 

- Nennius : Cair Gloui / Cair Gloiu.

- Geoffroy de Monmouth :  Kaerglou.

- Jesus Collège :  Kaer Loyw

*****

Divers : Apparemment appelée Glorecestre dans le roman de Perceval. (p. 257)

Explication étymologique : celle-ci ne semble pas résolue. 

***

* Eilert EKWALL : The Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names.

* A.L.F. RIVET & Colin SMITH : The Place-Names of Roman Britain. Batsford Ltd. 1979- 1982

- envoi de : Gloucester Library, 08.07.1982

* lien communal : http://www.gloucester.gov.uk/Content.aspx

* autres liens : 

http://www.roman-britain.org/places/glevum.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glevum

http://www.drostle.com/glevum.html

http://romanhistorybooks.typepad.com/roman_history_books_and_m/2007/02/our_current_rea.html

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0075-4358(1943)33%3C15%3AGATSLP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q

http://www.worcestercitymuseums.org.uk/content/rostory/spat20.htm

http://users.pandora.be/michel.vanhalme/jeugd0162.htm

http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0092.2005.00237.x

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