d'ar gêr ! ***** à la maison ! ***** back home !

Anoioù lec'hioù * Noms de lieux

Anoioù tud * Noms de personnes

Non actif

Actif

Selon Rivet & Smith, p 373 : "Il s'agit probablement d'une forme corrompue. La solution le plus heureuse est qu'il représente (H)ibernia, écrit à l'emplacement de la mer entre l'Irlande et la (G)Bretagne, et mal interprété par le Cosmographe comme appartenant à la côte ouest de l'Écosse. Il pourrait tout autant représenter *(Oceanus) (H)ibern. (une forme abrégée de la Mer d'Irlande)".

référence : Rivet & Smith, Place-Names of Roman Britain, 375 :

- Ptolémée II,3,2 : Iena Eiaxnais ( = IENA AESTUARIUM), comportant plusieurs variantes, par exemple Ikwa ( ICOA), Ikoe ( ICOE).

 il s'agirait d'une rivière du sud-ouest de l'Écosse, à l'ouest de la Dee; il s'agit soit de la Water of Fleet (sur laquelle se trouve un fort romain à Gatehouse of Fleet), soit de la rivière Cree dont le nom, à partir du gaélique, signifie "frontière" (Watson CPNS 182) et pourrait ainsi remonter à une origine plus récente".

* Rivet & Smith, p. 375 : 

SOURCE

- Ptolemy II, 3, 4 : Ila Potamon Ekbolai ( = ILA FLUVII OSTIA); var. Illa ( = ILLA)

DERIVATION. Watson CPNS 47-48 thought the name obscure; it seems to have no parallels. He noted that the name produced modem Gaelic Ilidh : 'The Gaelic form does not represent Ila; it might represent *Ilia, but it may be on the analogy of the numerous stream-names in idh.'

IDENTIFICATION. The river Helrnsdale, Sutherland, flowing through Strath Ilidh (Strath Ullie) ; as Watson notes, the strath was renamed Helmsdale by the Norse; Helmsdale town is Dun Ilidh and a Helmsdale man is Ileach.

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la rivière Helmsdale, comté de Sutherland, en Écosse.

- M.N. Bouillet (1863) : "Ancienne province et grand-gouvernement de France, avait pour bornes au nord la Picardie, à l'ouest la Normandie, au sud l'Orléanais et le Nivernais, et à l'est la Champagne. Elle comprenait : l'Ile-de-France proprement dite (composée elle même des pays de France au nord-ouest, de Parisis au sud, et de Goëlle à l'est), la Brie française, le Gâtinais français, le Thimerais, le Beauvaisis, le Valois, le Soissonnais, le Noyonnais et le Laonnais. Elle a formé le département de la Seine, la plus grande partie de ceux de Seine-et-Oise, Seine-et-Marne, Oise, Aisne, et une petite portion de ceux du Loiret et de la Nièvre. Cette province fut ainsi nommée parce que primitivement elle était comprise entre la Seine, la Marne, et l'Ourcq, l'Aisne et l'Oise, et formait presque une île. L'Ile-de-France a presque toujours fait partie de la couronne, excepté à la fin de la dynastie carlovingienne, époque où les ducs de France en possédaient la plus grande partie".

Étymologie : Ansevilla v. 1065; Hainsevilla 1106; Hansevilla 1171; Hainseville 1503; Haincheville 1822 = la Villa de Hainse, nom de personne désignant le seigneur du lieu.

Ghislain Gaudefroy propose "un vieux-scandinave commun Asi-, ou un franc Anso ?, de toute façon tardif..."

Le site d'Incheville proprement dit semble donc être une création tardive du Bas-Empire romain.

Archéologie :

Le site intéressant de la commune se trouve au Camp de Mortagne, qui selon les auteurs locaux date du Néolithique.

Selon J. Duhamel "... Incheville fut également habité par les Gallo-romains qui ont laissé des traces de leurs établissements et le cendres d'un grand nombre des leurs. En 1856, M. l'Abbé Cochet découvrit au pied du camp de Mortagne les restes d'un cimetière romain de l'époque de transition (IV et Vè siècle), huit à dix fosses. Il a été remarqué que tous les squelettes avaient les pieds au couchant, c'est-à-dire orientés. Des vases en terre rouge et grise étaient posés à leurs pieds et renfermaient des colliers de perles en verroterie de couleurs. Enfin une médaille en argent à l'effigie de l'usurpateur Magnus Maximus (383-388 après J-C). Ce n'était point là un cimetière de guerriers ou de conquérants, car il n'y avait aucune arme. Cette nécropole date d'une ère de paix, au moins locale, probablement des temps qui ont précédé l'invasion franque".

L'information est reprise par Alphose Leduque, Ambianie, p 168.

  ? 

Rivet & Smith (op. cit) : 

INTRAUM (?)

SOURCE

- Ravenna 108₃₄ : INTRAUM. 

This form is corrupt and impossible to restore. It is very likely to be equated with the next name in Ravenna, ANTRUM, the later being an attempt to re-spell a name which even the Cosmographer thought unsatisfactory.

Y fut rédigé le Livre de Kells, 

Irlande

Eire           Iwerzhon

Provinces et comtés d'Irlande

Connacht : 

- Galway

- Leitrim

- Sligo

- Mayo

- Roscommon

Leinster :

- Carlow

- Dublin

- Kildare

- Kilkenny

- Laois

- Longford

- Louth

- Meath

- Offaly

- Westmeath

- Wicklow

Munster :

- Clare

- Cork

- Kerry

- Limerick

- Tipperary

- Waterford

Ulster : 

- Antrim

- Armagh

- Cavan

- Derry

- Donegal

- Down

- Fermanagh

- Monaghan

- Tyrone

* Rivet & Smith, p. 376 et suiv.

ISCA (river)

SOURCE
- Ptolemy II, 3, 3 : "Iska potamon ekbolai ( = ISCA FLUVII OSTIA), var. "Isaka (= ISACA, MS U)

DERIVATION. The name is British *isca 'water', in the sense of 'river', which underlies not only this and the following names but also Esk and Usk. The word seems to heve left few traces in Continental toponymy (see below). Jackson mentions early Irish esc, recorded in glossaries but not in texts, explained as meaning 'water'; to this Williams adds Gaelic easg 'fen'.

One must not, however, equate Isca 1 (Exe) and Isca 3 (Usk) simply and uncritically with *ïsca 'water', as has been done in the past. It is best to quote in full the analysis of Jackson in Britannia, I, (1970), 74-75 :

' The difficulty is that Caerleon is on the Usk, which is Welsh Wysg, Old Welsh Uisc, and needs British *Esca, earlier *Eisca; and that Exeter was Old Welsh *Caer Uisc (Asser : Cair Uuisc), from the same British form; though matters are further complicated by the seventeenth-century Cornish Karêsk, i.e. Kar Esk, given by Lhuyd for Exeter, which must be from *Isca not *Eska, in spite of appearances. A British *Eisca 'fishy river ' can be explained as from Indo-European *peisko- 'fish', as in Irish iasc ' fish ' which cornes from this ; as also, with different ablaut-grade, do Latin piscis and English fish. But if so, the Romano-British town-names should be Esca (i.e. Ëscâ) not Isca; and attempts by Forster, Williams, and others to explain this away, and also to account for the contradiction between Cair Uuisc and Kar Esk, are not convincing. The question must be left open.' 

The etymologies in question are reviewed by Nicolaisen in BZN, VIII (1957), 241-42, following in the main differing proposals of Forster. He does not favour the *peiska 'fishy water' mentioned by Jackson (now better *p(e)ik-sk-a, perhaps 'trout' rather than 'fish in général': Hamp in JIES, I (1973), 507-11), nor *peid-ska (cf. Greek pidax 'spring'). As between *eiska (with -k- suffix well documented in Celtic names) representing Indo-European *ei- ' gehen ' and the same representing *eis- ' (sich) heftig, ungestüm, schnell bewegen', Nicolaisen favours the latter, because it fits better with other river-names, including the type *Is- found in Isara and British *Isura. Nicolaisen then szparates from all these those names which he thinks directly descend from *Isca :  a North and South Esk in Kincardine / Angus, an Esk in Kerry and Lough Easg of Donegal, seeing these as équivalent to Irish esc and Gaelic easg mentioned earlier. With these belong the few Continental names : Isch (a tributary of the Saar : Isca in the eighth century), Ijssche (Brabant; Isca in 822), Ischel (near Traunstein; Iscala in 984), Ischl (a tributary of the Traun; Iscala in 890), and Ischer (Alsace ; < *Iscara). To these Holder Ii. 77 adds a further assumed *Iscara and an Ambiscara.

The problem to which Jackson drew attention in 1970 is in no way diminished by all this. On the one hand, all our sources for Isca-names in Britian (ten, or eleven if we include Iscalis) and the Continental examples from medieval documents all show I-; on the other hand, the derivatives in the Celtic languages demand original Esca, from what-ever origins (all the etyma proposed have original *ei-, which became e in Common Celtic and continued as e in British : LHEB 330). Given the certain identity of ancient Isca 1 and Isca 3 rivers with modem Exe (which has, like Axe, an Anglo-Saxon metathesis) and Usk (without metathesis, like Esk) rivers respectively we may not postulate some exceptional factor such as a Celtic *Esca wrongly recorded as Romano-British Isca in the first-century period when native names were becoming established in Latin form. By 1970 Jackson had evidently dropped the explanation which he tentatively gave in LHEB 259 : that short i in a British penultimate became e in Late British if the following syllable was final and contained a, and that, if Exe, Axe and Esk are from Isca ('which is uncertain'), this explains the e in these; the reason no doubt being that the resulting e is not after all the e which is demanded by medieval and modem Celtic derivatives in versions of these names. There remains one tenuous possibility, which Jackson in LHEB dismissed. It is that Isca became *Esca in the spoken Latin of Britain, just as stressed i regularly became close ê in the speech of most parts of the Empire by the third century. In LHEB 259 there is the uncompromising statement that 'the change to ç...emphatically did not occur in British Latin as we know it, though it could presumably have done so in the low-class V.L. which may have been current in the cities'. The basis of this statement is, of course, the fact that most (not all) words having stressed i that were borrowed from Latin retain this i in Welsh (e.g. fïde(m) > ffydd, cippu(m) > cyff; but as suggested by Smith in ANRW (forthcoming), there may be much learned influence in the arresting of an expected process, and on the contrary, insciptions show examples of i > e (e.g. ella for ïlla in RIB 154, Bath; stepibus for stipibus in the Lydney pavement, CIL VII, 137; baselicam in RIB 978, Netherby, A.D. 222). We then have to suppose that this Esca of spoken Latin influenced the local British pronunciation of the place-names and river-names in question. Since both places are westerly one could argue that Latin speech continued longer in them than in most other regions, and in the area of the legionary fortress at Caerleon the influence of Latin must have been considerable.

This is certainly special pleading, but is at least a possible explanation of what remains a puzzling situation. The reverse would have to apply to the Gallo-Latin Isca- names of the Continent, which against expectation have preserved I- in their modem forms (despite a form Esca recorded for the river Isch of the Saar in the eighth century : Holder II 77)

IDENTI FI CATION. The river Exe, Devon. 

* Ravenna 108₂₇ : ISCA.

Victoire d'Alexandre sur Darius en -333. Victoire de Septime Sévère sur Pesciennus Niger en 194. Victoire d'Héraclius sur Chosroës e 622

* Rivet & Smith, p. 380 :

- Ptolemy, II,3,4 : Tinea potamon ekbolai ( = TINEA FLUVII OSTOIA); var. Tinna ( = TINNA). 

For reasons given on p. 138, Ptolemy's form is almost certainly a corruption of *Ituna. Since no variant hints at this, the error must go back to the archetype.

DERIVATION. See ITUANA -1 ( >>> rivière Eden).

IDENTIFICATION : The river Eden. Fife.

* Rivet & Smith, The Place Names of Roman Britain, p. 380-381 : 

- Ravenna, 107₃ : IULOCENON. 

- Notitia Dignitatum XL₅₁ :  "Tribunus cohortis primae Aelia Classica, TUNNOCELO".

The correct form Itunocelum was first proposed by Horsley; it, and the équation between the above two forms, have been generally accepted since. ND's form is very close to the true name. Ravenna's was thought by R&C to have developed in the Greek archetype in which they believed : 'The confusion between Itunokelon and Iouliokenon is very easy, especially in capitals'; but this reasoning is not necessary, for within Latin copying. an unfamiliar first element Ituno- was garbled and then assimilated by a scribe to the well-known Iulio- (which occurs in a number of Continental place-names). For the second element, compare Ravenna's Alitacenon for *Alaunocelon (-celum).

DERIVATION. For Ituna, see ITUNA-1. For -ocelum 'head, promontory', see *ALAUNOCELUM.

IDENTIFICATION. Unknown. While he is probably right on thé form of thé name, Horsley's identification with Bowness (Britannia Romana (1733), 103) cannot stand; although Gale's description 'promontorium impendens aestuario', which he quotes, might be applied to Bowness Hill, the fort below it must be MAIA (q.v.). The order of names in Ravenna is Cantiventi (= Glannoventa, Ravenglass) - luliocenon - Gabrocentio - Alauna (certainly Maryport, on theriver Ellen). The only forts known between Ravenglass and Maryport are at Moresby and Burrow Walls but, as R&C remark (see also Richmond, EPNS xxn, 512), their spacing suggests that another awaits discovery. On the evidence of small fmds and the altar from Haile (RIB 796) this should be near Beckermet (NY 0104) on the river Ehen. Ekwall ERN notes that the common early form of this Egre (Eger), 'is a back-formation from, Egremont, or rather a modification of the old name under the influence of Egremont, which is a French name'. He suggests Ehen, mispronounced Eger by Normans, but it seems not impossible that this was another Ituna, or Eden. This solution allows the name Gabrosentum to be applied to Moresby, thus reconciling its recorded garrisons, but seems to leave burrow Walls without a name in Ravenna.

* Rivet & Smith, The Place Names of Roman Britain, p. 380-381 : 

SOURCES 

-Ravenna, 107₄₂ : ITUCODON.

R&C recognised the ending as probably corrupt, but did not suggest an emendation; and regarded the first part as correct, relating Itu- to Welsh yd 'corn'. However, although c for n is not paralleled elsewhere in the British section of Ravenna, it would by no means pass belief. Final -don could represent -dono (that is, -dunum), or perhaps better, -dum, a possible form of abbreviation of -dunum on a map (cf. Uxelodum for -dunum on theRudge Cup).

DERIVATION. For Ituno-, see ITUNA-1. For -dunum, see BRANODUNUM.

IDENTIFICATION. Unknown, but from its position in Ravenna this should be an unlocated Roman fort on the Fife Eden.

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Identification : "Non identifié, mais selon sa position donnée par Ravenna, il se pourrait qu'il s'agisse du fort romain non identifié sur la rivière Eden du comté de Fife" (Écosse).

* Rivet & Smith, p 381-382 : 

SOURCE : 

Ravenna, 106₁₆ : IBERNIO. One may assume that here b is for v, as often.

Derivation : This represents British *Iuernio- 'place on the *Iuerno 'river', the name of the settlement or fort being formed from the river-name with the *-io- suffix, as is common. This river (> Iwerne) is identical with the old name of the Kenmore river of Ireland, given by Ptolemy as Iernou, gen. (= Iernus; n, 2, 3), but to be corrected to Iouernou (= Ivernus). Related are the name of Ireland itself, *Iuernia (Hibernia), and personal names such as Iberna of RIB 377 (Caerleon). The above all seem to have initial i-, which leads Jackson to reject Ekwall's proposed etymology (for the rivers) in Celtic *ïuos 'yew', for this has i-; and equally, then, Williams's sense for the present name of yew-tree place' is to be discarded also. O'Rahilly examines various other etymologies that have been proposed for the group, arguing that the names in I- are by-forms of other names in E-, and recalling that river-names and divine names often coincide because the river is the manifestation of the deity; hence 'the goddess-names *Everna, *Everiu would thus appear to mean "she who travels regularly, she who moves in a customary course", from which we infer that the goddess so designated was the sun-goddess. . . 'See O'Rahilly in Eriu, XIV (1946), 7-28, and Jackson in JRS, XXXVIII (1948), 57; also Holder II 99".

IDENTIFICATION. Unknown. Apparently a place on the river Iwerne, Dorset, but there is no obvious candidate : the Roman fort on Hod Hill (identified by us as Dunum) had a very short life and neither it nor any of the villas in the neighbourhood is related to any known Roman road. Perhaps one of them (such as the celebrated building excavated by Pitt-Rivers south-west of Iwerne Minster) may prove to be part of a larger settlement. Alternatively the reference may be to the river itself.

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Identification : inconnue. peut-être la rivière Iwerne, Dorset.