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Noms de lieux * Anvioù lec'hioù

Noms de personnes * Anvioù tud

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 dernière mise à jour : 11/10/2024 21:16:05

Histoire : la ville doit son origine à un pont fortifié romain sur la Meuse, sur la grande voie de Bavay à Cologne.

En 382, Saint Servais y transfère l'évêché de Tongres. En 722, Saint Hubert transfère à nouveau le siège à Liège.

Archéologie :

Basilique Notre Dame, qui correspond à l'ancienne cathédrale datée d'avant l'An 1000, et bâtie elle-même sur l'emplacement d'un temple romain.

Évêché : créé en 382 par Saint Servais. Basilique sous le vocable de Notre-Dame.

Évêques de Maastricht : en attente.

Étymologie : Trajectum ad Mosam / Mosae Trajectum = endroit de traversée de la Meuse.

* Rivet & Smith, p 405 : 

SOURCE

-  Ravenna, 106₂₉ : MACATONION ?

DERIVATION. R&C propose to emend this to *Magalonion, reasonably enough (with c for g by scribal confusion, as often; although Mac- may accurately represent the same root, as in Hispanic personal names Macilo / Magilo, ELH I. 359, and Macalu, a divine name in a graffito of Seraucourt (Bourges, France : DAG 354). This *Magalonium they then derive from a river-name *Magalona, which with British *-io- derivational suffix gives for the whole name a sense 'place on the noble river'. Their base is an Indo-European root *mak- 'to grow' (Holder II. 362), from which Welsh magu and Breton maga 'to feed' ultimately come, as do Latin magnus and Greek megalos. Among place-names closely related are then British Maglona and its précise equivalent Magalona > Maguelonne (Hérault, France), Magalonnum > Moulons (Charente-Maritime, France). The origin of many personal names related to these lies in *maglo-s, perhaps 'great one', from which derive Old Irish mal, Welsh and Breton mael 'prince', present in such ancient names as Magalos, Magilos, Magilius; in Britain, Brigomaglos on a subRoman tombstone at Chesterholm (RIB 1722). Based on the mag- root are the divine name Magusanus, associated with Hercules in a dedication at Mumrills, Stirlingshire (RIB 2140); also DAG 943 (many) ; and the Gaulish place-name Magdunum > Méhun-sur-Yèvre (Cher, France) and Meung-sur-Loire (Loiret, France), together with British Magantia, Magiovinium and perhaps Maia.

Whether R&C's speculation about *Magalona river is warranted can be judged from the Continental analogues, for which no such supposition has to be made; and from the fact that no modem river-namc derives from this. It seems simplest to see the name as built on *magal- with suffixes *-on- io-, as in CANONIUM; and as meaning 'high, outstanding place' or the like, possibly 'noble place'.

It might turn out that Ravenna's Macat- is right after all. A name Macato (reading of the first a being doubtful) is recorded in CIL XIII 5806 (Langres), and other names, mostly personal, are known with Mac(c)-; see GPN 364-65.

IDENTIFICATION. Unknown, but apparently not far from Gloucester.

---------------

* Rivet & Smith, p 406 : "Unknown, but apparently an island of Britain".

SOURCE 

- Ravenna, 109₁₈ : MAGANTIA, variante MAGANTIA. 

DERIVATION

The name is evidently based on *mag-, for which see the previous entry, with Celto-Latin suffix. The sense might be 'large island' or 'high, outstanding place'. It is worth noting that the Celto-Roman name of Mainz (Germany), properly Mogontiacum, was in the redued form of late Imperial times Moguntia, often spelled Magontia, Magentia, Magantia; the mog- root is the same ultimately as mag-, and in that form is the base of the divine name Mogons (the dative, in dedications, is Deo Mogonti). Since the cult of this god seems to have been fundamentally Germanic, and was brought from the middle Rhine by the Vangiones who garrisoned Risingham (thence extending it in the area of Hadrian's Wall), it seems unlikely that a Celtic cult of a similary named deity could have given its name independently to a Scottish island (the present Magantia) as R&C alternatively propose. 

IDENTIFICATION. Unknown, but apparently an island off Britain.

-----------------

* Rivet & Smith, p. 496-407 : 

SOURCES

- Inscription : RIB 899, an altar set up to Jupiter and Vulcan at Old Carlisle for the welfare of Gordian (A.D. 238 - 44) by the VIK(ANI) MAG(. . . )

- ND XL₁₄ (pictura) : MAGIS

- ND XL₂₉ (text) : Praefectus numeri Pacensium, MAGIS

Concerning the inscription, M. W. C. Hassall in Aspects of the ND (Oxford, 1976), III, writes that "One of these sites [Maglone and Magis of ND] must surely be Old Carlisle, which lies west of Kirkby Thore [i.e. te previous fort listed in ND, Bravoniacum] and from which comes an altar RIB 899 set up. . . by the Vik(anï) Mag(lonenses) or Mag(enses). The dedicators are usually interpreted as being Vik(anorum) Mag(istri); but against this interpretation and in favour of our own, it can be argued, first, that, normally, magistri would precede vicanorum (though vicomagistri as masters of wards are attested in the Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae)', secondly, magistri of vici are rare in the western provinces, the officials most commonly mentioned on inscriptions being curatores. .. ; thirdly, such semi-official dedications are normally made by the vicani themselves, and they usually qualify themselves by a geographical epithet (e.g. the Vicani Vindolandesses of te Vindolanda inscription).'

DERIVATION. The name is the fossilised Latin locative plural (see ANICETIS) of a name formed on British *magos, for which see CAESAROMAGUS. The sense then seems to be 'at the plains'.

IDENTIFICATION. Hassall's argument may be supplemented by the observation that the traditional identification of Old Carlisle with ND's Olenacum (q.v.) presumes a very odd order in the list. Since we have removed this, it may tentatively be suggested that Maglona is Old Carlisle and that Magis is thé Roman fort at Burrow Walls, Workington, Cumberland (NY 0030), from which we have also removed the name Gabrosentum (q.v.).

Note. Seeck's équation of Magis with the Maio, Maia of Ravenna, made in his 1876 edition of ND, is erroneous. It was taken up by Holder II. 375, who added mention of a Magia in Raetia, > Maienfeld (Switzerland) between Chur and Bregenz; this Magia of TP is also in CIL v. 5090 the. . . stat(ionis) Maiens(is), so that a phonetic development of Magia to Maiens(is) could from this be taken to apply also to the equivalence of British Magis with Maio, etc. However, as Jackson in LHEB 444 makes plain, such a development in British did not occur until after the Roman period; while Continental Magia is a precise analogy for British Magis, it offers no support for the equivalence of Magis / Maia in Britain. Moreover, ND lists Magis in the middle of a section offerts in Yorkshire, Durham and eastern Westmorland, and has not yet gone over to the Cumbrian coast where Maia lay.

* Ordnance Survey : Greta Bridge; Angleterre; Yorkshire.

* Rivet & Smith : Old Carlisle, Cumberland.

SOURCES.

- Inscription : RIB₈₉₉, which may belong here : see MAGIS 

- ND XL₁₃ (pictura) : MAGLOUE
- ND XL₂₈ (text) : Praefectus numeri Solensium, MAGLONE (var. MAGLOUE)

ND's forms with u have a common copying fault of u for n. Final -e may simply be -a miscopied, or a first-declension locative.

DERIVATION. Maglona belongs with the names listed under *Magalonium, based on the root *mag-. Gaulish Magalona > Maguelonne (Hérault, France) is an exact equivalent of the British name, which has lost the unstressed vowel by elision. A similar sense, 'high, out-standing place', perhaps 'noble place', is appropriate.

IDENTIFICATION. Probably the Roman fort at Old Carlisle, Cumberland (NY 2646).

* Rivet & Smith, p 408 : 

SOURCE

* Ptolemy, II,3,3 : Megas Limen (= MAGNUS PORTUS)

* Ptolemy, II,3,4 : Ypo de ton Megan Limeva nesos Ouektis (= infra MAGNUM autem PORTUM insula Vectis)

DERIVATION. This is a descriptive Latin name, 'great harbour'; compare GABRANTOVICUM SINUS. There was a Portos Magnos (= Portus Magnus) in Spain, recorded by Ptolemy II, 4, 7, now Almeria. It is to be remarked that whereas Ptolemy translates the British name into Greek, perhaps showing that the name was descriptive rather than that of an established location, he simply transliterates the Hispanic équivalent into Greek as was his practice with most recognised place-names.

IDENTIFICATION. As is argued on p. 116, this is not a place-name properly speaking, but a description of the whole sheltered area between the Isle of Wight and the mainland — including the Solent and Southampton Water.

>>>  il ne s'agit pas d'un nom de lieu précis, mais d'un nom de lieu global, couvrant un secteur compris entre l'Ile de Wight, le Solent et la Southampton Water.

- Robert Soulignac, Calètes, p 22 : "Medan (Bernières) viendrait de Magodunum ?"

- JCE : recherche provisoire : Mahon :

- Fort Mahon, à Ambleteuse, à l'embouchure de la Slack;

- Fort Mahon, près de Sangatte.

Mancetter : village de Witherley, en Leicestershire, correspondant à l'ancienne station romaine Manduessedum. 

SOURCE.

- Ravenna, 107₃₄ : MAPORITON.

DERIVATION. The name is built on British *mapo- 'boy, youth; son' (see LOCUS MAPONI) and *ritu- 'ford' (see ANDERITUM); hence 'the young man's ford' or 'son's ford'. The name is evidently that of a place paired with TADORITUM, adjacent to it and so listed in Ravenna; the allusion is lost to us, but if taken literally presumably relates to fords established by, or near land owned by, different generations of a family; but there could be some folkloric reference, or a metaphorical allusion to the size of the stream at these points. See J. Schnetz in ZONF, II (1926-27), 231, and in (1927-28), 123. Dillemann (p. 69) challenges the above, thinking both Maporitum and Tadoritum a mistaken doublet which proceeds from Carbantoritum in a complex series of copying errors; but there seems to be no reason to disturb the accepted forms and etymology of these paired names; it is unlikely that such a meaningful pair would have arisen by copying accidents.

IDENTIFICATION. Unknown, but apparently in southern Scotland; in view of the pairing of names noted above it may be wrong to associate this name with Maponus, the 'divine youth' often identified with Apollo and much worshipped in the area of Hadrian's Wall (see Ross (1967), 368—70, with distribution map).

-------------------

Explication étymologique : un gué sous le vocable de *mapo (garçon, jeune; fils).

* Rivet & Smith, p. 412-413 : 

SOURCE.

- Ravenna, 108₁₂ : MARCOTAXON.

DERIVATION

The first element is British *marco (or according to Whatmough * marca, with -a masculine as in druida, etc. : DAG 574), meaning 'horse', from which derive Welsh march, Breton marc'h, with cognates in Old Irish marc, Old High German marh and English mare, etc. (Holder II. 419). Watson in CPNS 441 cites the same word in Welsh Marchnant 'horse-brook' and Gaelic Marcaidh 'horse-stream', which occurs several times in Scotland. Ancient names in which this element appears are Marcodurum > Düren (Germany) and Marcomagus > Marmagen (between Cologne and Trier, Germany), and the personal name Marcomaro (Holder II. 422); in Germania Magna was the tribe Markomnoi (= Marcomani : Ptolemy II, I I, I I, etc.). See also H. Birkhan, Germanen und Kelten , . .(Vienna, 1970), 393-416. The second element is identified by Holder II, 1778 with that found in Old Irish tais 'soft, gentle', but it seems better for the sense to follow Williams (now Pokorny 1055) in identifying a root *tag-, found in Greek tagew, tassw, taxis 'to rule, order, array', present in the names of Taximagulus who ruled part of Kent (Caesar) and Tasciovanus, father of Cunobelinus; also in the place-name Tasinemetum in Noricum (a site near Villach). The sense of the British name is thus 'horse-array', 'with evident reference to a historical or legendary event' (R&C); but it might be more mundanely an assembly-point for cavalry, or a horse-trading fair.

IDENTIFICATION. Unknown, but apparently in Scotland north of the Antonine Wall.

-----------------

Commentaire JCE : C'est à dire, selon Rivet & Smith : soit un camp de cavalerie, soit un lieu de foire de chevaux.

Histoire et archéologie :

Au sommet de la butte, faisant face à Abbeville, côté ouest de la Somme, ancien oppidum dit Camp-de-César, ou Castelis.

Etymologies :

a) Mareuil : Dauzat : Marolum, 1105, du gaulois maros = grand, et ialo = champ, clairière.

b) Caubert : voir ce nom.

Archéologie : poteries.

Etymologie : Mariskieneterre, 1199; Marisquineterre, 1378 & 1413; Maresquienterre, 1498; Marisquinterre, 1559; Marquenterre, 1582 & 1764;

formes latines : Marina Terra, 1217; Mareskina terra, 1224; Maresquen terra, 1225 (Garnier); Maris quentii terra (Prarond).

JCE : signification discutée.

Histoire et archéologie : Marseille se trouve sur la grande voie romaine de Beauvais au Tréport et à Saint-Valéry-sur-Somme. Elle a constitué un point de péage pour les Chasse-marées. (L.Fontaine-Bayer, Chasse-marée de Picardie, p 90)

Étymologie : Marseliae supra stratam, XIIè siècle : Marseille sur la Chaussée (romaine).

- A. Longnon : au féminin le gentilice Marcellia.

- DR : Marseliae, 1120 : de Marcellia (villa)

* Rivet & Smith, p. 414 :

SOURCE
- Ravenna 106₅ (= R&C 21) : MASONA

DERIVATION. It is unwise to found much on a form known from Ravenna alone, since the text is often corrupt. If taken literally, the name may have an element mas- which occurs in a number of Celtic names but whose meaning is not known. Dottin LG 270 gives the Gaulish form as *massa and cites Irish mass ' beau' as perhaps equivalent. Massava of TP is now Mesves-sur-Loire (Nièvre, France). RIB 577, a building-stone from Manchester, records work donc by the century of Masavo, who according to RIB's note was perhaps German. The suffix -ona indicates a river or stream (see ABONA).

IDENTIFICATION. Unknown, but apparently in south-west Britain.

>>> Signification incertaine. Peut-être, selon Rivet & Smith, p 414 : *massa = beau + *ona = rivière ?! Non identifié, mais apparemment dans le sud-ouest de la G. Bretagne.

* Rivet & Smith, p. 414 :

SOURCE

- Ravenna 107₅₈ (= R&C 202) : MAULION

- Ravenna 108₃ (=R&C 207) : MATOVION

It seems likely that as often Ravenna has duplicated a name by following two map-sources. Maulion suggests no Celtic root and seems corrupt, but its -u- may indicate a form *Matu- which is then equally valid with Mato- (see below).

DERIVATION. *Matu- is 'bear' in Celtic (Irish math 'bear', and Mathu, a deity; Welsh madawg 'fox'). It is the root of many personal and place-names, for which see Holder II. 479 and GPN 228-32. Among personal names are Matuus, Matua, Matugenos, Toutomatus. Matunus the 'bear-god' had a shrine at Risingham. The closest parallel among place-names is provided by Matavonium of AI 298₂, now Cabasse (Var, France); this is Matavone in TP, but Pataum and Patavi in Ravenna, which give an idea of thedegree of corruption of which this text is capable. The British name may have *-ouio- suffixes (as in CANOVIUM); 'bear-place' seems a possible meaning, whether in a figurative or a literal sense. A personal name *Matuuos with *-io- derivational suffix and formation exactly as in Burrium and other names, 'place of *Matuuos', may be safer; this personal name being that recorded in Latin sources as Matuus, as above.

IDENTIFICATION. Unknown, but apparently in Scotland north of the Antonine Wall; for a very nasty reference to the use of a Caledonian bear in Titus's amphitheatre see Martial, De Spectaculis vii.

------------------

Recherche étymologique à partir de la racine celtique *matu- = ours. Non identifié, mais apparemment en Écosse, au nord du Mur d'Antonin.

Mauves-sur-Loire / *Malvid :  Commune de la Bretagne historique, en Pays de Nantes / Bro Naoned; évêché de Nantes. Aujourd'hui dans la région administrative non historique dite des "Pays de Loire", département de Loire-Atlantique, arrondissement de Nantes; canton de Carquefou; sur la Loire

- A. Leduque, Ambianie, p 52 : "... Maïa, la Mater Magna ou Terra Mater, semble être à l'origine de nom de la rivière La Maie, et de l'ancienne abbaye de Maïoc, qui l'avoisine".

- JCE : voir l'étymologie Tellus = La Terre, proposée pour Talence, quartier d'Abbeville.

- JCE : en breton Mailh = boue, fumier. Peut suggérer une rivière fangeuse ou marécageuse.

Histoire :

Fondée en 10 avant J-C par Claudius Nero Drusus, sur le territoire des Vangiones, sous le nom de Mogontiacum.

Capitale de la Germanie Ière et quartier général de l'armée de cette province.

Elle a d'abord reçu en garnison la Legio XIV Gemina, jusqu'en 43, puis la Legio XXII Primigenia Pia Fidelis.

Résidence du Dux Mogontiacensis à partir de Dioclètien (A.Grenier, Quatre villes romaines, p 87-88) ou Constantin (KF.Werner, les Origines, p 279).

Délivrée par Julien des Barbares qui s'en étaient emparés, en 357.

Les légions du Rhin y proclament Posthume empereur (K.F.Werner, Origines, p 245), en fin -décembre ? - 257 (M.Bouvier-Ajam, Empereurs gaulois, p 160-161).

Mayence est prise et anéantie par les Germains en 406.

Archéologie : Colonne de Jupiter, datée de 65-66 ap. J-C;

Evêché : Date et nom du fondateur inconnus. Premier évêque attesté en 346. Erigée en archevêché pour Saint Boniface le 01.05.748 par le pape Zacharie. (N. Gauthier).

Evêques de Mayence : *** ?; Martinus, attesté 346; *** ?; Sidonius ?; *** ?; Sigimundus, attersté 589;

Etymologie : Mogontiacum, Eutr, Jorn, Inscr; Mogontiaco, TP;

N. Gauthier, envoi personnalisé : félix Magantia, époque de l'évêque Sidonius.

C.O.T. 1572 : " Ments ... Moguntia, Germaniae Metroplolis, ad Rheni ripa urbs ..."

Le nom semble être un dérivé de celui de la rivière Mogontia / Main, qui rejoint le Rhin à cet endroit.

voir aussi Rivet & Smith, p 405, sous Magantia

Menez-Hom 

(Mons Duma)

Colline de forme arrondie située à l'extrême ouest de la Bretagne armoricaine, à l'entrée de la presqu'île de Crozon, au sud de l'estuaire de l'Aulne et de la Rade de Brest. Hauteur : 330 mètres. Du sommet, on aperçoit la Pointe Saint-Mathieu, Brest, Locronan, la Baie de Douarnenez, la pointe du Van.

Le nom est issu d'un doublet latin / celtique : Mons + Duma, ce dernier signifiant colline en forme de dôme, en forme arrondie.

Le toponymes est confirmé par des toponymes voisins :

- Telgruc (-sur-mer) = Tel, tal , en breton : près de, en face de; ou Tellus : déesse de la Terre;  + cruc : colline arrondie.

- Argol = de are collis, près de, en face de la colline.

- Dinéault = din, fortification + alt = hauteur, colline, montagne.

Le Menez-Hom constitue l'ultime hauteur occidentale de la Gaule. Il correspond bien ainsi au Cruc Ochidient / Duma Ochidient / Cumulum Occidentalis de Nennius.

Une Association des anciens marins et des familles de victimes de Mers-el-Kébir a été créée en 1984. Renseignements : Hervé GRALL, 02 98 02 13 98, ou Martial LE HIR, 02.98.52.03.34.

Étymologie :

- Gh. Gaudefroy, LP, N° 86-87, p 17 : Mares ?

- L. Sagebien, LP, N° 145, p 3 : Maris, 830; Ecclesia de Maris.

Mers est "le village situé au bord de la mer".

- lieu de décès d'Henri VI, empereur des Romains de 1191 à 1197

- pied = 0,2963 m

- Pas = 1,4815 m

- Mille = 1,4815 km

- Lieue = 2,22225 km

Discussion étymologique, par Rivet & Smith : The Place-names of Roman Britain, p 417 :

- Ptolémée, II,3,4 : Metaris eiscuais (= METAREIS AESTUARIUM), variante Megaris (= MEGARIS)

DERIVATION. This is obscure, but there are analogous names. Mùller in his edition of Ptolemy draws attention to the Metauros ( = Metaurus) rivers of Umbria and Bruttium, and to a Mearos (= Mearus; for Metaros = Metarus) river of Galicia; Pokorny in ZCP, XXI (1940), 61, adds the Metapinum os, one of the mouths of the Rhône, and the Metapa (= Metapa) of Anatolia, supposing an Illyrian origin for the last two in *metu- 'between' and *ap- 'water'. The British name may be Met- with the common *-ar(a) suffix used in water-names, for which see LEUCARUM.

IDENTIFICATION. In position on Ptolemy's map this clearly represents the Wash and it may be that he misinterpreted what was a sinus or gulf in his source as an aestuarium or estuary; otherwise one of the rivers flowing into the Wash must be meant and of these the most likely is the Witham, because it gave access to the legionary fortress (and later colonia) at Lincoln. Ekwall ERN 457-58 provides a Celtic derivation for this, but see our entry EIDUMANIS.

*****

Capitale de la cité gauloise des Insubres, sous le nom de Mediolalum. Soumise par les Romains en 195 avant J-C. C'est à Milan que Constantin a promulgué le décret de liberté du culte chrétien, en 313.

Capitale de l'Italie, au détriment de Rome, à partir de Gratien (381), jusqu'à Honorius (404).

Capitale de la Lombardie à partir de 1257.

Rivet & Smith, p. 418 : 

DERIVATION. This entry is neither British nor Latin as it stands, and must be corrupt. R&C hopefully think it 'a meeting-place i the miscellaneous list', i.e of diversa loca, but there is no justification for this. Just possibly the name might be *Minax, Latin 'threatening (one)', 'dangerous (one)', and might belong with other western Scottish islands named in latin (see ATINA); but this is speculation only. 

IDENTIFICATION . Unknown

MIO[.]EDUM

SOURCE. 

- Inscription : RIB 101, GENIO / SA[CRU]M / MIO[.]EDI / ... ' sacred to the Genius of. . . ' This is probably the base of a statue, found I mile south-east of Cirencester, with somewhat rough and now damaged lettering.

DERIVATION. It is usual for such dedications to name a place in the genitive. It seems that only one letter is missing from the place-name; m or r might be possible, and indeed Mior- was read by Baddeley; but neither in British nor in Latin does a restoration suggest itself, and there are no analogous names.

IDENTIFICATION. Unknown, but possibly near Cirencester.

Monterfil / *Mousterfil : Commune de la Bretagne historique, en Pays-évêché de Saint-Malo. Aujourd'hui dans la région administrative non historique dite "de Bretagne", département d'Ille-et-Vilaine; arrondissement de Rennes; canton de Plélan le Grand; sur le Serein

* Rivet & Smith, p. 420 : 

SOURCE

- ND XL6 (pictura) : MORBIO
- ND XL, 21 (text) : Praefectus equitum catafractariorum, MORBIO

DERIVATION. None can be suggested, as there seem to be no visible British roots, and no analogues in other provinces. ND's form may be slightly corrupt, but probably not to the extent postulated by Seeck - in a note to his 1876 edition of ND, and in Hermes, IX (1875), 231 - when he advanced the view that Morbium could be a corruption of Vinovia (or, as he wrote it, uiouium). Stevens in Arch. J., XCVII (1940), 135, note, thought Seeck's emendation 'wild'.

IDENTIFICATION. The equation with Vinovia is followed (with a query) by Frere (1974), 264-65 (map), but without comment. The name appears between Danum (Doncaster - or just possibly an unknown fort near Jarrow) and Arbeia (South Shields). Since most of the forts in this area have names which are known from other sources, the most likely candidates would be Piercebridge, Durham (NZ 2115) and Greta Bridge, Yorkshire (NZ 0813), from which we have removed the supposed names MAGIS and MAGLONA (qq.v.).

* Rivet & Smith, p. 420-421 : 

- Ptolemy II, 3, 2 : Morikambe eiscusis (= MORICAMBE AESTUARIUM), var. Moriakambe (= MORIACAMBE)

DERIVATION. The first element is British *mori- 'sea', cognate with Latin mare; Welsh, Cornish and Breton mor, Irish muir. The element is found in the two British Moridunum names, in the personal name of a Briton Morirex 'sea-king', the Morini people of Gaul, etc. For *cambo-, see CAMBODUNUM. The sense is thus 'curved sea' or 'curve of the sea', i.e. ' bay ', despite Ptolemy's addition of eiscusis.

IDENTIFICATION. In its position on Ptolemy's map the name fits Morecambe Bay and it may be (as in the case of METARIS, q.v.) that he has misinterpreted a sinus or gulf as an aestuarium or estuary; if not, the reference can hardly be to the estuary of a single river, since, as noted on p. 135, all the major ones here have Celtic names, so that a joint estuary, like that at Cartmel, must be intended. It should be noted that the modem names, Morecambe and Morecambe Bay, are not survivals but antiquarian revivals, following the publication of Whitaker's History of Manchester in 1771; the previous name was Poulton. In a similar way the name 'Moricambe Bays' has been attached to an inlet of the Solway Firth.

Étymologie : dérivé apparent de Mediana villa : propriété située au milieu de la plaine ou du plateau, ou sur la crête médiane entre deux vallées.

- Co. Charrai : Tra Li; Cill Airne, Lios Tuathail, An Daingean. 

- Co. an Chlair : Inis, Cill Rois, Cill Dalua, Cill Chaoidhe.

- Co. Chorcai : Corcaigh, Cobh, Droichead na Bandan, Mainistir Fhear Maighe, Malla.

- Co. Luimnigh : Luimneach, An Caislean Nua, Rath Caola, Mainistir na Féile.

- Co. Phort Lairge : Port Lairge, Dun Garbhan, Lios Mor, Ceapach Choinn.

- Co. Thiobraid Arann : Cluain Meala. Tiobraid Arann, Aonach, Durlas.

Mur d'Antonin

(Vallum Antoninus) : système de fortification établi pour servir de limes, au nord du Mur d'Hadrien, entre les embouchures de la Carron (Firth of Forth) à l'est, et celle de la Clota / Clyde à l'ouest. Construction à partir d'Antonin, 142-143 après  J-C (d'où son nom).

Longueur : 60 km env. nombre de forteresses : 8 (?) sur le mur, + 3 (?) en appoint + 14 (?) forts.

Cette ligne de défense a été abandonnée pour être rétablie sur le Mur d'Hadrien :

- un peu avant la fin du IIè siècle, selon Ordnance Survey, The Antonine Wall;

- en 207, selon L. Homo, Nouvelle Histoire romaine, p 309.

Ordnance Survey

Mur d'Hadrien

(Vallum Hadrianus) : système de fortification établi pour servir de limes au nord de l'Ile de Bretagne, séparant la Bretagne romaine de la Bretagne barbare, entre l'embouchure de la Tinea / Tyne (Newcastle-upon-Tyne), à l'est, et l'Ituna / Eden (Carlisle), à l'ouest

Mis en chantier sur ordre d'Hadrien (son nom), et réalisé entre 122 et 128 après J-C.

Longueur : 116 km environ; nombre de forteresses : 15 (?) sur le mur + 4 (?) en appoint, + 6/8 (?) forts + 60 (?) fortins + 150 (?) tours de guet.

Il est provisoirement abandonné vers 142-143 au profit du Mur d'Antonin, situé plus au nord. Le Mur d'Hadrien retrouve sa fonction après l'abandon du Mur d'Antonin.

Attribué à la Legio VI Victrix, il reste efficace jusqu'au début du Vè siècle.